Optimal stock trading with personal taxes: Implications for prices and the abnormal January returns

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Abstract

The tax law confers upon the investor a timing option - to realize capital losses and defer capital gains. With the tax rate on long term gains and losses being about half the short term rate, the law provides a second timing option - to realize losses short term and gains long term, if at all. Our theory and simulation over the 1962–1977 period establish that taxable investors should realize long term gains in high variance stocks and repurchase stock in order to realize potential future losses short term. Tax trading does not explain the small-firm anomaly but predicts a seasonal pattern in trading volume which maps into a seasonal pattern in stock prices, the January anomaly, only if investors are irrational or ignorant of the price seasonality.

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    This paper is a substantially revised version of my 1980 paper titled ‘Short Term versus Long Term Capital Gains and Losses’. I wish to thank my colleagues at the University of Chicago and workshop participants at the 1982 NBER Summer Institute in Boston, the University of Pennsylvania, Cornell University, Northwestern University, Columbia University, the University of Texas at Dallas, and Harvard University. In particular, I wish to thank Eugene Fama, Philippe Jorion, Merton Miller, Richard Roll, Allan Kleidon, the referee, and the editor, René Stulz. Aid from the Center for Research in Security Prices of the University of Chicago is gratefully acknowledged.

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