No place to hide: The global crisis in equity markets in 2008/2009
Introduction
At the beginning of October 2007, despite the tremors from early August, world equity markets measured at an all-time high USD market capitalization. According to Thomson's DataStream data, global equity markets had a market capitalization of more than $51 trillion as of this date. What happened over the next 17 months is nothing short of the largest destruction of equity value in history. By the end of February 2009, global equity market capitalization stood at just over $22 trillion, a drop of more than 56% and a reduction in equity value of more than $29 trillion. This loss in wealth to equity holders is equivalent in value to about 50% of global GDP for 2007.
While financial crises are not a new phenomenon (see e.g., Allen and Gale, 2007 and Reinhart and Rogoff, 2009), the current financial crisis differs from many of the previously studied crises in that it is both severe and global. Although a major banking crisis (although not necessarily a global one as we shall see later), it has become a global financial market crisis. In the era of global markets and global investing, this crisis has challenged investors' recently gained perceptions about equity investing. The crisis has driven down equity levels across the globe, and in nearly every country, sector and industry. As a result some investors have been questioning previously held beliefs about the risk of equity investing and the benefits of global diversification. In the midst of this hand wringing, the purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed factual backdrop on how equity markets have behaved during a period encompassing the global financial crisis, ending in February 2009. To do this we will look at equity performance in a series of steps. First we will document the behavior of the global equity market since the beginning of 2007 focusing first on returns but also on volatility. When possible we will link significant economic or policy events from the crisis to the market reactions.2 We also investigate the breadth of the market decline by looking at different regional markets to see how widespread the collapse has been. We then try to put some historical perspective on the magnitude of the current decline by comparing it to previous declines in the long history of U.S. market returns and provide some analysis on the relative role of declining cash flow forecasts and increasing risk premia underlying the recent drop in equity values. Since the financial sector was ground zero for the crisis, we then examine the performance of the financial sectors versus the non-financial sectors as well as look at some evidence on the impact of the market turbulence on some basic style portfolio investing performance. Finally, we look at the impact of the crisis on return volatility measures and correlations both across regions and across sectors.
The basic story that will arise is that while the mortgage and banking crises have been ongoing since early 2007, the equity market reaction was basically second order until July/August 2008, and the real equity market action (collapse) starts in the middle of September 2008 with the bankruptcy of Lehman and the bailout of AIG. From September 15 through late October nearly everything fell sharply. The impact was universal and severe. For most indices, these 31 trading days contain the majority of the decline for the year. By the end of 2008, with few exceptions, most equity indices were at 50% or less of their end of 2006 levels, and down 60% from their highs. Unfortunately, despite all of the financial advice about diversification, in this crisis equity investors had no place to hide.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the overall market performance, while Section 3 tries to put the current market decline in historic perspective and attempts to decompose the decline into cash flow and risk premium effects. Section 4 looks at differences in equity performance at the financial sector relative to the non-financial sectors. Section 5 zooms in on performance at the major industry level, and Section 6 takes a look at performance within the financial industry that is at the heart of the crisis. Section 7 evaluates the impact of the crisis on some simple style portfolios, while Sections 8 Volatility, 9 Correlations focus on the behavior of market volatility and correlations. Finally, Section 10 summarizes and concludes.
Section snippets
Overall market performance
We begin by looking at the world equity market index to gauge what happened on average across the markets. Fig. 1a shows the total return index of the DataStream world market portfolio measured in USDs from the beginning of 2007 to the end of February 2009. A summary of the total return behavior (including dividends and share repurchases, but without adjustment for taxes) would say that world equity markets were up in 2007 about 15% and then gave back that gain in a choppy ride over the first
Market sector performance
As the epicenter of this current crisis is the financial sector, one would expect that financial sector equity took a harder hit than non-financials. To investigate this question we assess the relative performance of the financial sector and the non-financial sector of overall market portfolios. This sectoral decomposition of a market portfolio is provided by DataStream. For the overall world market portfolio we find, not surprisingly, that the financial sector has been much more negatively
Country market analysis
The Developed World ex North America and the Emerging Markets combine a large number of countries from different parts of the world into their portfolios. In this section we examine these regions more closely by looking at some of the major countries (or groups of countries) within them to see how comparable the impact of the financial crisis on equity values has been on a more localized level. To facilitate the analysis in a manner consistent with the broad regional grouping above, we use
Industry performance
Although we show earlier that the financial sectors in most markets fell further than the non-financial sectors, in this section we take a closer look at the performance of more disaggregated industry portfolios for a set of major countries and regions. Despite the large number of statistics, due to the potential interest, we present detailed statistics and plots for the ten level-3 industry classification defined by DataStream for six different market groupings. First we present and focus our
Financial sector performance
Since the financial sector is at the core of this market crisis, in this section we take a closer look at the financial industry and its major sub-industries, i.e. banks, insurance, real estate and financial services. Again we will consider these indices by the three region breakdown of the world, the United States, the Developed Markets ex North America, and the Emerging Markets.
In the United States, Fig. 10 Panel A shows the total return index performance of the U.S. financial industry and
Style portfolio performance
Another interesting question regarding equity market performance during the financial crisis is whether the crisis had differential impacts on any of the popular style portfolios commonly used in investing. We take a first step towards this by analyzing the two most basic style factors, growth versus value and size, in the U.S. and EAFE market using MSCI style portfolios. We obtain the MSCI large and small core portfolios and the standard growth and standard value portfolios for the U.S. and
Volatility
As we saw in Fig. 1b, the volatility of the global equity market had a striking pattern over the sample period. A few small bumps of increased volatility in the first 20 months of the sample are completely overwhelmed by the massive increase in volatility that began in September 2008. In this section we will look at a rolling volatility measure and some implied volatility indices derived from exchange traded options to examine how volatility behaved across our three major market regions.
Fig. 12
Correlations
The last issue we will look at is the structure of correlation amongst returns over the sample period. There are many ways we could do this and we have taken three different approaches. The first is to look at the changes in average cross-country correlations at the market index level for the Developed Markets and the Emerging Markets in the pre- and post-crisis period. Another approach is to look at correlation across industries within countries/regions and the correlation within industries
Conclusion and implications for future research
A global equity market collapse of this magnitude raises a number of critical questions about financial markets. Much of the attention will be on the banking sector and its regulation, and the antecedents that lead to the crisis. However, even just with respect to the behavior of equity markets, there are issues at both the macro level and micro level to be considered. Some are new questions to consider, and others are existing ones that will need to be revisited. At the macro level, the global
Acknowledgements
Helpful comments and suggestions by Gunter Dufey, Christos Koutsoyannis, James Lothian, Michael Melvin, Richard Payne, Ken Peasnell, Mark P. Taylor and Chendi Zhang (the discussant and referee) as well as participants of the WBS/JIMF conference on “The Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Threats and Opportunities” at Warwick Business School, the BSI Gamma conference on “Lessons from the financial crisis for banking and money management”, Hopkins - Nanjing Center, Nanjing University, and Lancaster
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